We provide education about human rights to improve awareness, understanding and respect for rights in our community and Ill discuss this with you in the context of racial discrimination a little later. (2016), Gender Quotas: Challenging the Boards, Performance, and the Stock Market, IZA Discussion Paper, No. Although internationally we are often seen as a good example of multicultural society that welcomes diversity, racism does exist in Australian society. The Australian Human Rights Commission was established as an independent statutory authority in 1986 through legislation that is now called the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth). 33/6, pp. The campaign now has support from organisations across business, sport, education, local government and civil society. 173-191. Table2.3 shows that most studies on board diversity suggest that the relation between board diversity and performance is not significant or only very weakly positive (for meta-studies on gender board diversity, see Post and Byron (2015[13]) and Pletzer etal. [16] Adams,R. and D.Ferreira (2009), Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Findings are somewhat mixed, but impacts of gender, ethnicity or age diversity are found to be either very small or insignificant. 4 Benefits Of Cultural Diversity In Australia & Other Aspects 987-1015. Similarly, if the gender gap in labour force participation across the OECD were to be reduced by 25% by 2025, this could add one percentage point to projected baseline GDP growth across the OECD over the period 2013-25, and almost 2.5percentage points if gaps were halved (OECD, 2017[48]). Even though we need every supporter we can get, we don't need supporters who behave like this.[9]. Ancestral lands, waters and territories are of fundamental importance for their physical and cultural survival as peoples. The survey was shared by the countrys main national HR Association and in total around 2400 HR professionals in eight OECD countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Spain) participated. [20] Schneid,M. etal. 94, pp. Through an exposure draft the Government has outlined its intent to lift the ban on offending, insulting and humiliating someone over their race, colour or ethnicity. The ethnic and religious composition of many modern societies has been dramatically changed by global modernisation. Research into the Current and Emerging Drivers for Social Cohesion, Social Division and Conflict in Multicultural Australia. They find that diversity in education and nationality have a positive impact on product innovation for a firm. It Stops with me website, and if you are part of a sporting organisation, club or business and you think they would be interested in supporting the campaign all the details of how to do so and what is involved is on the website. [24] Gonzalez,J. and A.Denisi (2009), Crosslevel effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. [39] Laurence,J. [46] Kemeny,T. and A.Cooke (2017), Urban Immigrant Diversity and Inclusive Institutions, Economic Geography, Vol. 2, pp. [42] Alesina,A., J.Harnoss and H.Rapoport (2014), Immigration, Diversity and Attitudes to Redistribution: A European Perspective. We are different precisely in order to realise our need of one another. Im sure you will all agree with me when I say, that is this diversity that is one of Australias greatest strengths and assets. Making Diversity Work for All, (stergaard, Timmermans and Kristinsson, 2011[11]), (Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova, 2014[12]), (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2016[26]), Tolsma, van der Meer and Gesthuizen, 2009[38], (Alesina, Harnoss and Rapoport, 2014[42]), [2] Balestra,C. and L.Fleischer (2018), Diversity statistics in the OECD:How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?. The legislation provides for a Commission constituted by a President, and seven Commissioners that broadly reflect those human rights that have been the subject of federal legislation. Twice he has now been subjected to racist slurs while on the football field. See K Dunn, Challenging Racism: The Anti-Racism Research Project. One of our own supporters did it. The Effect of Employee Diversity on Innovation, Research Policy, Vol. But we believe that humans juggle these two tendencies at different points in time during exposure to social diversity. The underrepresentation of cultural and linguistic diversity in Australian politics . The laws provide accountability for acts that offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate on racial grounds, and provide a remedy to those that have been the subject of racial abuse. By excluding people, you are making them more vulnerable to entrenched disadvantage. First, the individual or interpersonal level, which includes everyday racism that happens with speech, glances. [3] Chellaraj,G., K.Maskus and A.Mattoo (2008), The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation, Review of International Economics, Vol. But we believe that they might be incompatible with fast-changing societies, where people living in mixed neighbourhoods are having contact with new cultures, norms and values. Workplace cultural diversity and productivity are closely related. As hypothesised, we found that in the short term, individuals react negatively to changes in religious diversity, experiencing a dip in their quality of life. This is perhaps the reason why research has found that trust and social cohesion are lower in diverse communities and why, in experimental labs, individuals interacting with unknown members of a different social group show increased stress and anxiety. The strategy involves a partnership of organisations. The supporting HR Associations included the Australian HR Institute (AHRI), Chartered Professionals in Human Resources (CPHR, Canada) and Human Resources Professionals Association (HRPA, Canada), Association Nationale des DRH (ANDRH, France), Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Personalfhrung (DGFP, Germany), Associazione Italiana per la Direzione del Personale (AIDP, Italy), HR Norge (Norway), Associao Portuguesa de Gesto das Pessoas (APG, Portugal) and Fundacin para el Desarrollo de la Funcin de Recursos Humanos Fundipe (Spain). We intervene in court proceedings that involve human rights issues; we examine laws relating to certain rights and often propose improvements to those laws; (eg: We conduct research and propose new policy and standards which would promote the enjoyment of human rights (eg: Age discrimination research reports; sexual abuse in the Australian Defence Force). The lack of diversity in Australian politics has been apparent for years. Douglas Massey receives funding from the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Behavior. Mapping Social Cohesion 2013. One of those submissions was from the Australian Human Rights Commission. Most studies consider either how the shares of foreign graduate students/inventors impact innovation in a given field or they construct a fractionalisation index based on country of birth or nationality, that gives an indication of the workforces diversity overall.2 Studies mostly consider patent applications or patents per capita as a proxy for innovation. While we must celebrate these important achievements this survey reminds us that racism is a pervasive issue in Australia, and is a significant impediment to social cohesion and low levels of social cohesion can have long term implication on a nations productivity and prosperity. Trax, Brunow and Suedekum (2015[18]) show for Germany that migrant diversity has a positive impact on firm productivity, particularly strongly within larger manufacturing plants and less so in service establishments, while the share of migrants, either at the firm level or in the region, has no effect. Second, research that can identify causal links between diversity and economic outcomes, e.g. The report emphasises that racism and discrimination disrupt all social cohesion dimensions this was evident from national and international literature and also the community case studies that were conducted as part of their research. Social diversity is a global issue - and it has contributed to major geopolitical events such as Brexit and the fractious nature of the European refugee crisis. Im often asked what are the types of situations that will be covered if the Exposure Draft is adopted in its current form? Its difficult to consider situations that would fall under the revisions; People of all religions, ethnic backgrounds, age and gender have so much to contribute, but this can only happen when there is a sense of inclusion and belonging, when people feel part of this country. Similarly, Kemeny and Cooke (2017[46]) find that in cities with low levels of inclusive institutions, the benefits of diversity are modest or non-existent, whereas in cities with high levels of inclusive institutions, the benefits of immigrant diversity are significant and positive. [27] Cooke,A. and T.Kemeny (2017), Cities, immigrant diversity, and complex problem solving, [28] Docquier,F. etal. Access to this content in this format requires a current subscription or a prior purchase. Social diversity is all of the ways that people within a single culture are set apart from each other. Term Definition; Diversity "The condition of having or being composed of differing elements" [4] Social Diversity "A successful community in which individuals of different race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, language, geographical origin, gender and/or sexual orientation bring their different knowledge, background, experience and interest for the benefit of their . 2015/1. Lastly, how diversity influences social cohesion hinges on the quality of governance structures and institutions. Since post-war migration began, Australia has been taking in a million immigrants each decade from all regions of the world. Why this is the case is difficult to determine. 85-96. HRC/20/33. Measuring diversity remains a challenge. : An assessment of their (in)effectiveness using administrative data., http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190274801-e-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en. [19] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography. What do we mean by diversity and inclusion? | Victorian Government is the online library of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) featuring its books, papers, podcasts and statistics and is the knowledge base of OECD's analysis and data. (ed.). Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that social interactions between groups has a positive impact on social cohesion, and particularly, trust. However, while the impact of diversity might be small, there is a strong economic argument against discrimination and non-inclusion based on the sizeable cost associated with it. I encourage you all to go on to the Racism. We are all aware of the incidents involving Australian of the Year, Adam Goodes. When everyone can actively take part in work life, we will immediately increase the number of productive workers contributing to our economy. Systemic racism can be unintentional. Iftar is one of the religious observances of Ramadan and is often done as a community, with people gathering to break their fast together. No.10239, Institute for the Study of Labor. While it is disheartening to see the extent to which racism exists in our society, the positive outcome out of these recent events has been the extent to which society has stood up and confirmed that there is no place in sport, public transport or any other aspect of our society, for racism. The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford. Nursing homes for all: why aged care needs to reflect multicultural Academia has reacted to these. The economic dimension, however, is not the justification upon which efforts to foster diverse workforces ultimately rest. Studies on how diversity affects productivity at the firm-level, using representative data are rare. Sue's previous experience includes Microsoft, Target, and Kraft. [4] Dandy and Pe-Pua. In addition, respondents were asked about the motivation behind these policies, whether outcomes where monitored and evaluated, and what kind of obstacles they had experienced. But they have also fuelled growing tensions and division, illustrated by Donald Trumps most recent race controversy. Despite some contradictory findings, evidence generally points to a negative relationship between diversity and these indicators of social cohesion, although findings vary strongly across countries, level of analysis and the inclusion of moderating factors. With increasingly diverse societies, there has been a strong interest in better understanding whether and how diversity affects economic outcomes. Australian politics should be as diverse as its people [8], Not only have we witnessed an increase in racial discrimination through our formal complaints mechanism we have also seen a disturbing rise of racial abuse in the public domain, whether it be on public transport or on the sporting field. As a nation we embraced this diversity and recognised the economic and social benefits that come this brings. [26] Alesina,A., J.Harnoss and H.Rapoport (2016), Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. Legislation and policies can only go so far. [31] Bellini,E. etal. For France, there is also evidence that biased managers have a negative impact on how ethnic minorities perform on the job. 4. On average, however, more gender equal boards have a negative effect on corporate performance. 500509. In addition to the narrow definition the Commission has expressed its concern about the breadth of the exemption in subsection (4) of the exposure draft. Another area of the literature looks specifically at the impact of inequality between groups on public goods provision and attitudes towards redistribution. [22] Joshi,A. and H.Roh (2009), The role of context in work team diversity research: A meta-analytic review. 44/3, pp. Demographic-based affinity groups are formed around shared characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. It Stops With Me. by looking at the impact of newly introduced gender quotas for boards, also tend to find that a subsequently higher share of women does not have a significant effect on firm performance (see for example Ferrari etal. The Paris Principles set out the international minimum standards for the status and functioning of national human rights institutions. [2] The United Nations defines a socially cohesive society where all groups have a sense of belonging, participation, inclusion, recognition and legitimacy.[3]. An Uphill Battle, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en (accessed on 5October2017). (2010), The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance, Corporate Governance: An International Review, Vol. [43] Stolle,D., S.Soroka and R.Johnston (2008), When Does Diversity Erode Trust? [40] Baldwin,K. and J.Huber (2010), Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision, American Political Science Review, Vol. Desmond Tutu once stated; Differences are not intended to separate, to alienate. My colleague, Race Discrimination Tim Soutphommasane outlines that the notion of multiculturalism can refer respectively to our ethnic composition as a society, to our policies concerning citizenship and the integration of immigrants, and to the values that shape our everyday cultural interactions. 7922. University of Birmingham provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK. Appendix A: Factors that influence views of diversity. Cultural diversity in Australia | ILM Australia Different results are found for Denmark, where age diversity is associated with a negative effect on innovation, which is defined as the introduction of a new product or service (stergaard, Timmermans and Kristinsson, 2011[11]). [48] OECD (2017), The Pursuit of Gender Equality. Studies have shown that good governance on a country and regional level increase generalised trust and render an otherwise negative impact of diversity insignificant (Murtin etal., 2018[45]; Delhey and Newton, 2005[41]). (2016), Age diversity and team outcomes: a quantitative review. In 2012, the Federal Government launched the National Anti-Racism Strategy, an initiative of its multicultural policy, The People of Australia. However, it is clear that more research in this field is needed given the current absence of representative, cross-national data. [7] Zierscha, A.M., Gallahera, G., Bauma, F., Bentleya, M., (2011).Responding to racism: Insights on how racism can damage health from an urban study of Australian Aboriginal people. To test these ideas, we conducted a large and ambitious study examining 22 years of publicly available psychological, sociological, and demographic data from multiple waves of the World Values Survey, the European Social Survey, and the Latino Barometer. [18] Trax,M., S.Brunow and J.Suedekum (2015), Cultural diversity and plant-level productivity. Overall, however, the effect is small; a 1-percentage point increase in the share of foreign-born lowers support for redistribution only by about 0.2 percent. The Scanlon Foundation Surveys National Report. Mapping Social Cohesion 2013. gender board diversity explained around two-tenths of the 1% variance in company performance, while on other indicators, such as stock performance and shareholder returns, the effect was not statistically significant. [32] Ottaviano,G. and G.Peri (2006), The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities. [47] Bon-Maury,G. etal. This rationale is a logical consequence of talent being distributed equally among the population to make the most of increasingly diverse workforces, businesses and policy makers must ensure that opportunity also is. Although it is important to have strategies and campaigns in place to build awareness, understanding and facilitate cultural change, we also need legislation that protects our human rights and fundamental freedoms. By 2031, it is estimated that this number will exceed one million, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprising 3.9 per cent of the population. Effects of Social and Cultural Diversity in a Workplace - GradesFixer In other words, what drives an often-observed erosion of social cohesion is not diversity itself, but rather contextual factors related to socio-economic status, inequality and governance. Some meta-analyses find no significant impact of gender composition, ethnicity or age on team performance (Horwitz and Horwitz, 2007[19]; Schneid etal., 2016[20]), while others find negative, but very small impacts (Bell etal., 2011[21]; Joshi and Roh, 2009[22])3. 444-462. Today, Australia's population of about 23 million is one of the most interesting and diverse populations in the world. (2018), Birthplace Diversity and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Us States in the Post-World War II Period. 286-313. 2018/02, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/869ef2ec-en. How racism and a lack of diversity can harm our workplaces It stops with me campaign and is a good example of the educational and advocacy work of the Commission. Internationally, multiculturalism in Australia is seen as a success story, and stands as a good example on how to build a cohesive and inclusive society. Economic arguments can only serve to reinforce the obligation of ensuring the labour market inclusion of diverse groups rooted in the idea of promoting a society that is just and equitable, valuing diversity, providing equal opportunities to all its members, irrespective of their various characteristics. (2017), Wider-community Segregation and the Effect of Neighbourhood Ethnic Diversity on Social Capital: An Investigation into Intra-Neighbourhood Trust in Great Britain and London. Considering that the survey was only sent to members of the respective HR Associations and that response rates were low overall, the findings do not provide a representative picture of HR managers or company practices in a given country. It is central to our national identity. This video reminds us that there are practical things all of us can do to counter prejudice and discrimination. or actions. This evening I would like to discuss the: Before I go any further I would like to show a quick clip this is part of our Racism. [12] Parrotta,P., D.Pozzoli and M.Pytlikova (2014), Labor diversity and firm productivity. Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. (2015), Does Gender Matter? I think it is also important to highlight that the Racial Discrimination Act as applied by the courts and administered by the Australian Human Rights Commission has successfully resolved hundreds of complaints about racial hatred over the past two decades. 40, pp. Such events have been labelled as casual racism.. Multiculturalism | Definition, Impact, Challenges, & Facts Hip-hop artist Brothablack deals with racism and bullying in schools; script and actors by students at the James Mitchell School in Sydney. 16, pp. [13] Post,C. and K.Byron (2015), Women on Boards and Firm Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis. We receive over 17,000 inquiries and complaints a year; 65% are conciliated, making a major contribution to the principle of equal access to justice. 68/3, pp. The Scanlon Foundation utilises five indicators for social cohesion: I think you will all agree that in general Australia is a cohesive society, this backed by the research. (ed. This chapter reviews studies that analyse the economic impact of diversity on the macro (country), meso (region) and micro (firm or team) levels, as diversity is likely to be relevant on all these levels but through different mechanisms and with different outcomes.1 In addition, it provides a short overview of the literature on how diversity may spill over and impact social cohesion and preferences for redistribution. Meta-analysis of 140 studies in 35 countries (including non-OECD), Meta-analysis of 20 studies in 16 countries (including non-OECD), Ratio of the firm's market value to its book value (Tobins Q) (/), Ratio of the firm's market value to its book value (Tobins Q) (-), Share of female directors and ethnic minority directors on boards. [37] Letki,N. (2008), Does Diversity Erode Social Cohesion? Not only do we need a national response but we must have systems and programs in place at the community level. Creativity and innovative thinking: teams with diverse backgrounds, experiences and ideas, Lower productivity: e.g. Females on Corporate Boards and Firm Financial Performance - A Meta-Analysis, [15] Ferrari,G. etal. 2. The impact of diversity: A review of the evidence - OECD iLibrary [44] Pettigrew,T. etal. The literature shows that a number of factors have a strong mediating impact; social exclusion and disadvantage, inequality, inter-group contact and social interactions as well as the role of governance and institutions are important explanatory factors. While these estimates are not based on a general equilibrium model, i.e. The survey asked whether companies had introduced diversity measures, and if so, what kind of approaches they had chosen and which groups they were targeting. For example, studies on social cohesion in neighbourhoods show that the key element for weak social cohesion is the low socio-economic status of a neighbourhood rather than its ethnic diversity (Letki, 2008[37]; Tolsma, van der Meer and Gesthuizen, 2009[38]; Laurence, 2017[39]). [14] Pletzer,J. etal. The authors argue that this may be linked to too much board monitoring. [2] Balestra,C. and L.Fleischer (2018), Diversity statistics in the OECD:How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?, OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. On the contrary, Adams and Ferreira (2009[16]) found that female directors had a significant effect on board inputs and firm outcomes in a sample of US firms. It is the position of the Commission that we need legislative protection across all human rights not just racial discrimination. No complaint under these acts can go to a court, unless and until the matter has been considered by the Commission. In considering the diversity of Indigenous peoples, an official definition of 'indigenous' has not been adopted by any United Nations (UN) system or body. Briefing: Immigration, Diversity and Social Cohesion. this study focuses on estimating the economic and social impacts to Australia of the . [16] Adams,R. and D.Ferreira (2009), Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance, Journal of financial economics, Vol. Or consider purchasing the publication.
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