A daughter was married to Francisco de Anaya Almazan. Science 326, 137140 (2009), Article This test was Geno 2.0 Helix so we couldnt share to FTDNA to join the group. Haplogroup names sometimes change with new versions of the Phylotree. Ancient sample from Caleta Huelen, Chile daring from about 600-800 CD. It is now the most common haplogroup after the various Q-M242, especially in North America in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Tohono O'odham 38%. Its nice to see other X2c2s around. Data from the Illumina genotyping analysis generated in this study are available through GEO Series accession number GSE50727; PLINK files can be accessed from http://www.ebc.ee/free_data. Science 338, 222226 (2012), Green, R. E. et al. My family and past generations are from Cuba. Russo, M. G., Gheggi, M. S., Avena, S. A., Dejean, C. B., & Cremonte, M. B. 9, 38 (1999), Durand, E. Y., Patterson, N., Reich, D. & Slatkin, M. Testing for ancient admixture between closely related populations. We belong to the same tribe with known history and genealogy. M.D. I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This list of Native American DNA haplogroups will help you learn whether your direct maternal or paternal line can be traced to the indigenous peoples of North and South America. [10] Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red). Most matches are from Mexico, Central America and South America. 2) H15b Maanasa Raghavan and Pontus Skoglund: These authors contributed equally to this work. Hey, meribolst! Can you point me in a direction to learn more about this finding? Ancient samples (2) from Pica, Chile dating to between 500 and 1000 BCE. But I wonder , then I have not contribute to the Mt tree. and S.Ra. Despite the rarity of R* and R1*, the relatively rapid expansion geographically and numerically of subclades from R1 in particular, has often been noted: "both R1a and R1b comprise young, star-like expansions" (Karafet 2008) harv error: no target: CITEREFKarafet_2008 (help). Evol. . Acta Anthropogenet. 28, 22392252 (2011). Ancient samples (4) from the Wari era from Cochapata, Peru dating from about 600-1000 CE. Natl Acad. There are definitely African haplogroups, but not by tribe. PubMed (Even, Dolgan and Yakut individuals) and M.I.V. Note August 30, 2016 Te Papas archival records dating back to 1883/84 indicate that a Mori skull and a Moriori skull were sent to the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro in the early 1880s. wrote the majority of the manuscript with critical input from R.N., M.J., M.M., K.E.G., A.A., I.M. Best wishes. Delgado, M., Rodrguez, F., Kassadjikova, K., & Fehren-Schmitz, L. (2020). About 18 miles from the center of the City. Sci. Origins and Genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) - Wikipedia E.W. Ancient sample from Punta Candelero, Puerto Rico dating from about 158 CE, Waiwai and Poturujara tribes in Brazil Fagundes, 2008, Chimborazo, Pallatanga, Riobana, Pichincha, Cayambe, Quito, Mejia in Ecuador, Mestizo and Cayapa , Chimboro, Penipe, Santo Domingo, El Poste, Pichincha, Quito, Bolivar, Chimbo in Ecuador, Native Tsachila and Mestizo . So don't assume a haplogroup of A means African . other authorities point to the greater similarity of many R-M173 subclades found in North America to those found in Siberia (e.g. Oxford Practical Approach Series. Ancient sample from the Enoque culture from Toca do Enoque in Serra da Capivara, Piaui, Brazil, dating from about 3500 BCE. 2014. Proc. conceived the project. The Ch'ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b (38). PubMed Ancient samples (4) from the Wari and Lima Cultures in Huaca Pucllana, Lima, Peru dating from between 500 and 1000 CE. Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Vinner, L., de Barros Damgaard, P., De La Fuente, C., Chan, J., Spence, J. P., & Rasmussen, S. (2018). Nat Geo relates my deep ancestry to the new world but dont seem to find others who share this haplogroup and who can confirm the origin of the haplogroup. Broadly East Asian & Native American 1775) comes from Portugal. At the conclusion of the second phase, we wrote: As in Phase I, a Middle Eastern type, haplogroup T, emerged as the most common lineage (19.4% in Phase II, 22.7% overall in the project), followed by H, U and J, all Eurasian types. J. Hum. Since this is a maternal inheritance, we believe it came from my great great grandmother who was from Red River in Canada. From what I have researched it is pretty inconclusive. and S.L. M.R. Ancient sample from Biggest of Lucy Islands, Alaska dating from about 3700 BCE. Goncalves 2013, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (1 B4a1b), Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (1 B4b1), Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (2 B4c1b), Shown as European and East Asianand Mexican and South America and Nicaragua and Guatemaula and Cubaand Pacific Islands and identified as Ho-Chunkand descended from Pistikiokonay Pushmataha, b. Ancient sample from Canimar Abajo, Cuba dating from about 1100 BCE. Native American Haplogroup X2a Solutrean, Hebrew or Beringian?, Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty, DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America, The Paleo-Indian Entry into South America According to Mitogenomes, Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of the Native American Haplogroups, Locals, resettlers, and pilgrims: A genetic portrait of three preColumbian Andean populations. and R.M. Today, what Im sharing with you are my researchnotes. Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology group, Tartu 51010, Estonia , Mait Metspalu,Monika Karmin,Kristiina Tambets,Siiri Rootsi,Sergey Litvinov,Toomas Kivisild&Richard Villems, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, California, USA, Mait Metspalu,Michael DeGiorgio&Rasmus Nielsen. Thanks. Today, those haplogroups are found almost exclusively in people living in Europe and regions of Asia west of the Altai Mountains, which are near the borders of Russia, China, and Mongolia. (Although in the case of R2*, relatively little research has been completed.). A Critical Re-Evaluation, 2015, PubMed, Raff and Bolnick, Mitochondrial diversity of Iupiat people from the Alaskan North Slope provides evidence for the origins of the Paleo- and Neo-Eskimo peoples by Raff et al, (April 17, 2015) American Journal of Physical Anthropology http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22750/ (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. [74] It would be great to have your opinion on both results. Any insight would be awesome. Founder population-specific HapMap panel increases power in GWA studies through improved imputation accuracy and CNV tagging. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The Phylotree is the document that defines themutations that equate to haplogroup names. Ancient samples (2) from Arroyo Seco II, Argentina dating from about 5620 BCE. It was dominated by Tlacopan before being conquered by the Mexica and made part of the Aztec empire. Basically, haplogroups chart the clans from which the modern human race originated. My brother-in-laws mtDNA is the C1b-T16311c! Sci. Comput. Nature 570, 236240 (2019), A paleogenetic perspective of the Sabana de Bogot (Northern South America) population history over the Holocene (9000550 cal BP). Cienc. Rev. Reconstructing Native American population history. Only at a base level. I hope they join the American Indian project. Bioinformatics 25, 20782079 (2009), DePristo, M. A. et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology (2023). Ancient sample from El Brujo, Peru dating from about 1000 CE. (My brother has 1% Indigenous American in his autosomal DNA but not in his Y-DNA and my maternal aunt has Siberia in her autosomal DNA-previously analyzed as Native American) Ancient sample from Kagamil Island Warm Cave, Aleutian Islands, Alaska dating from about 1600 CE. Google Scholar, Starikovskaya, E. B. et al. Ancient sample from Uelen, Chukota, Russia on the easternmost spit of land in the Bering Strait, dating from about 1150 CE, Birnirk (ancient sample,) Chukchi, Naukan, Innuit in Canada and Greenland . I am trying to find out where my Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup U2e2is from? A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean. It underwent intensive research and was previously classified as R1b1a2 (2003 to 2005), R1b1c (2005 to 2008), R1b1b2 (2008 to 2011) and R1b1a1a2 (2011 to 2020). I am having a hard time understanding the difference between Haplo group MtDNA A, A2, and A2r. However, it has never been found in the New World. contributed equally to this work. Im c1b5 and would like to connect with others with the same lineage. Sci. Cui, Y., Li, H., Ning, C. et al., BMC Evol Biol 13, 216 (2013). This haplogroup has not been detected in South American natives, with the exception of two Wayus from Colombia (Karafet et al. Ngele, K., Posth, C., Orbegozo, M. I., de Armas, Y. C., Godoy, S. T. H., Herrera, U. M. G., & Laffoon, J. Specifically, there are persistent claims that the presence of mitochondrial haplogroup X2a in Native American populations is evidence for ancient trans-Atlantic gene flow from Europe or the Middle East into North America (Meldrum Citation 2009; Oppenheimer et al. PubMed Central (Selkup individuals), S.A.F. r/23andme on Reddit: ChatGPT and Haplogroup analysis My mom is 76% NA from Durango, Zacatecas, Southern Chihuahua, and San Luis Potosi areas in Mexico. Meanwhile, the site will be offline until April 15th 2023 to allow us to make the changes necessary. Radiocarbon 51, 337360 (2009), Reimer, P. J. et al. Biology Department, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Bashkorostan 450074, Russia. What does that mean? Am. Anthropol. Most haplogroup sub-groups are plentiful. 3) H15a1a CAS volume505,pages 8791 (2014)Cite this article. Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, ster Voldgade 57, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark , Maanasa Raghavan,Thomas W. Stafford Jr,Ludovic Orlando,Paula F. Campos&Eske Willerslev. Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Kumar et al, 2011, Evolutionary Biology, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/293/, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038337, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066948, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631640/, Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans, Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern native Americans, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22750/, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-04/nu-dsa042715.php, Autochthonous Human Groups Contributed to the Specificity of the Indigenous West Siberian Population, A Reappraisal of the early Andean Human Remains from Lauricocha in Peru, Ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man, Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas, , Llamas et al, Science Advances April 1, 2016 Vol. This work was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation and the Lundbeck Foundation (E.W. Am. Ancient sample from Playa del Mango, Rio Cauto, Granma, Cuba dating from about 20 CE. In Press, Journal Pre-proof, Integration of ancient DNA with transdisciplinary dataset finds strong support for Inca resettlement in the south Peruvian coast. Researchdoes not always provide what is expected. How to Find Your Y-DNA and mtDNA Haplogroups M.M. Haplogroup R-M269 - Wikipedia Each of these base haplogroups also have subgroups which are European and/or Asian. performed the autosomal contamination estimates, error rate estimates, D-statistics tests based on sequence reads and ngsAdmix analyses. Nature 570, 182188 (2019), A Minimally Destructive Protocol for DNA Extraction from Ancient Teeth. ), A4a (please note that in Build 17, A4a became A1), A4a1 (please note that in Build 17, A4a1 became A1a), A4b (please note that in Build 17, A4b became A12a), A4c (Please note that in Build 17, A4c became A13), Beringian FounderHaplogroup 2008 Achilli, Mitochondiral genome variation and the origin of modern humans, Ingman et al, Natuer 2000, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v408/n6813/full/408708a0.html, Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World, Theodore Schurr, American Scientist, 2000, http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~tgschurr/pdf/Am%20Sci%20Article%202000.pdf, Brief Communication: Haplogroup X Confirmed in Prehistoric North America, Ripan Malhi et al, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2002, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/34275/10106_ftp.pdf, Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in the Aleuts of the Commander Islands and Its Implications for the Genetic History of Beringia, Olga Derbeneva et al, American Journal of Human Genetics, June 2002, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379174/, High Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas, Zegura et al, Oxford Journals, 2003, http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/164.full.pdf, Ancient DNA Modern Connections: Results of Mitochondrial DNA Analyses from Monterey County, California by Gary Breschini and Trudy Haversat published in the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Volume 40, Number 2, (written 2004 although references are later than 2004, printed 2008), Ancient individuals from the North American Northwest Coast reveal 10,000 years of regional genetic continuity by John Lindo et al, published in PNAS April 2017, Mitochondrial haplogroup M discovered in prehistoric North Americans, Ripan Malhi et al, Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007), http://public.wsu.edu/~bmkemp/publications/pubs/Malhi_et_al_2007.pdf, Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders, Erika Tamm et al, PLOS One, September 2007, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000829, Characterization of mtDNA Haplogroups in 14 Mexican Indigenous Populations, Human Biology, 2007, Achilli A, Perego UA, Bravi CM, Coble MD, et al. Reconstructing the deep population history of Central and South America. Samish onGuemes Island andFidalgo Island, British Columbia, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (26 C1b), Central Alaska from circa 11,500 before present , Aceramic culture, Cueva Candelaria, Mexico , Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil Gomez-Carballa 2015, Pichincha, Quito, Chimborazo, Guamote, Cotopaxi, Salcedo, Machachi, Azuay, Cuenca, Loja in Ecuador, Mestizo, Native Quitu-Cara/Cayambe and Native Puruha, also in Peru, 7 ancient and 16 contemporary, Mestizo , Wintu tribal survivors, private correspondence to Roberta Estes, August 2019, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (1 C1b1), Gomez-Carbala, 2015, Complete Mito Genome of 500 Year Old Inca Child Mummy, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (27 C1b2), Lima in Peru, also Morona Santiago, Taisha, Loja, Pichincha, Quito in Ecudaor, Native Shuar, Native Cayambe, Mestizo , Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (1 C1b3), Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (6 C1b4), Durango, Mexico from American Indian DNA Project at, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (1 C1b7), Rumsen peoples, Monterey Mission, California Breschini and Hversat, Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (1 C1b7a), Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (5 C1b11), Chilean andKolla de Saint Pierre, Dec. 2012, Atacameno, Pehuenche, Mapuche, Huilliche, Kawesqar, Mapuche, Tehuelche and Yamana in Chile and Argentina, South America de Saint Pierre, 2012, Huilliche and Chilean de Saint Pierre, Dec. 2012, Huilliche and Chilean de Saint Pierre. Mara de Villafuerte was an acculturated Mexican Indian woman from the Pueblo de Cuatitln. My 23andMe states im 35.1% Native American with Maternal Haplogroup B2 (Anazasi). Genet. Genome Res. The human genetic history of the Americas: the final frontier. The publication of the draft genome of a 24,000-year-old human specimen from Mal'ta in south-central Siberia the earliest modern human genome sequence reported to date may help to clarify matters. provided access to the Malta and Afontova Gora-2 samples, and K.E.G. Method and Theory 13, 250303 (2006), Article It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations. Mol. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Correspondence to headed the project. I tried following my mother-daughter link to figure out who would have the A2 haplotype and the paperwork for records for that ancestor was apparently burned in a courthouse fire. Ancient samples (2) from Paso del Indio, Puerto Rico dating from about 1000-1250 CE. 30, 115-122, (2009)H Hartmann et al, Distinctive Paleo-Indian migration routes from Beringia marked by two rare mtDNA haplogroups, Current Biology 19 1-8 (2009) Perego et al, Initial peopling of the Americas: A growing number of founding mitochondrial genomes from Beringia, Genome Research 20, 1174-1179, 2010 Perego et al, Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Kumar et al, Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, October 2011, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/293, Large scale mitochondrial sequencing in Mexican Americans suggests a reappraisal of Native American origins, Kumar et al, 2011, Evolutionary Biology, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/293/, Decrypting the Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Modern Panamanians, Ugo Perrego, et al, PLOS One, June 2012, http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0038337, An Alternative Model for the Early Peopling of Southern South America Revealed by Analyses of Three Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups, de Saint Pierre et al, 2012, PLOS, Rapid coastal spread of first Americans: Novel insights from South Americas Southern Cone mitochondrial genomes, Genome Research 22, 811-820, 2012, Bodner et al, Arrival of Paleo-Indians to the Southern Cone of South America: New Clues from Mitogenomes, de Saint Pierre et al, Dec. 2012, PLOS, Genetic uniqueness of the Waorani tribe from the Ecuadorian Amazon, Heredity 108, 609-615, 2012, Cardoso et al, Reconciling migration models to the Americas with the variation of North American native mitogenomes, Alessandro Achjilli et al, PNAS Aug. 2013, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/08/1306290110.full.pdf+html, Ancient DNA Analysis of Mid-Holocene Individuals from the Northwest Coast of North America Reveals Different Evolutionary Paths for Mitogenomes, Yinqui Ciu et al, PLOS One, July 2013 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066948, Identification of Polynesian mtDNA haplogroup in remains of Botocudo Americndians from Brazil, Goncalves et al, 2013, PNAS http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3631640/, Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans by James Chatters et al, May 2014,Science, Genetic roots of the first Americans, Raff and Bolnick, (February 2014), Nature, Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern native Americans by Chatters, et al, Science, Vol 244, May 16, 2014, Two ancient genomes reveal Polynesian ancestry among the indigenous Botocudos of Brazil, by Malaspinas et al, Current Biology, November 2014, Botocudo Ancient Remains from Brazil, by Roberta Estes, July 2015, Two contemporaneious mitogenomes from terminal Pleistocene burials in eastern Beringia, Tackney et al, 2015, PNAS, The complete mitogenome of 500-year old Inca child mummy, 2015, Nature, Gomez-Carballa et al, Does Mitochondrial Haplogroup X Indicate Ancient Trans-Atlantic Migration to the Americas? Nature 491, 5665 (2012), Article Malhi, R.S., et al. Citation 2014; Smoot et al. We learned that my mtDNA is X2b-T226C, and I see in combing through your information that this has been confirmed as Irish, not Native American, according to a brief reference you posted dated 2015. Department of Physics and Astronomy, AMS 14C Dating Centre, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark. Origins of New Mexican Families, Revised Edition by Fray Angelico Chavez: p. 4, 54. In the coming months, we will be adding thousands of pages of new content to help you fully explore your ancestry and our shared origins. 38, 378383 (2007), Powell, R. & Gannon, F. Purification of DNA by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation. In Build 17, previous haplogroup A4a1 became A1a, Mexico and Central America Eskimo Volodko, 2008, Ache and Guarani/Rio-das-Cobras and Katuana and Poturujara and Surui and Waiwaiand Yanomama and Zoro Fagundes 2008, Waiwai, Brazil, Zoro, Brazil, Surui, Brazil, Yanomama, Brazil, Kayapo, Brazil, Arsario, Colombia, Cayapa, Ecuador, Kogui, Colombia Fagundes 2008. . Ancient samples (6) from Juan Dolio, Dominican Republic dating from about 1200-1250 CE. ), 1. Rick. PLoS Genet. I found the articles but the DNA looks like it was w reacted and processed in the early 1990s, long before the resolution of today. Here we sequence the draft genome of an approximately 24,000-year-old individual (MA-1), from Malta in south-central Siberia9, to an average depth of 1. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%). While some indigenous peoples of The Americas and Australasia also feature high levels of R-M207, it is unclear whether these are deep-rooted, or an effect of European colonisation during the early modern era. One rare subclade may occur only among Ashkenazi Jews, possibly as a result of a founder effect. (2016). It also show that some of these ancient people, migrated across the land mas exposed to North America. (2008) The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American MtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies. Flegontov, P., Altnk, N.E., Changmai, P. et al. Ancient sample, Holas Island, Canada, about 2400 BCE, Siberian Eskimo, Chukchi, Dogrib,Innuitand Naukan , Anzick Provisional Extract, Estes January 2015 (2 A2a), Common among Eskimo, Na-Dene and the Chukchis in northeasternmost Siberia, Athabaskan in SW (Achilli 2013), circumpolar Siberia to Greenland, Apache 48%, Navajo 13%. Nature 505, 8791 (2014). [73] According to Jennifer Raff, X2a probably originated in the same Siberian population as the other four founding maternal lineages. Man (Lond) 17, 92107 (1982), Abramova, Z. Lart Palolithique dEurope Orientale et de Sibrie (Jrme Millon, 1995), White, R. The women of Brassempouy: a century of research and interpretation. American here. [6] The SNP M207, which defines Haplogroup R, is believed to have arisen during the Upper Paleolithic era, about 27,000 years ago. WebmedCentral.com :: Inference Of Ancient Black Mexican Tribes And DNA R1b (Y-) See more. Haplogroups C and Q were deemed to represent early Native American founding Y chromosome lineages; however, most haplogroup R lineages present in Native Americans most likely . Google Scholar, Dulik, M. C. et al. Haplogroup A4 itself no longer exists. 2020 hypothesizes that haplogroup P spread to Central Asia and Oceania from Southeast Asia. Ancient admixture in human history. Our mtDNA haplogroup traces our direct maternal line. Updated April 29, 2015 with results of 2015 Raff study,Estes, Updated May 20, 2015 with A10 results from Pilipenko 015, Updated June 19, 2015 with Kennewick Man and results from Chatters paper, Updated June 30, 2015 with Fehren-Schmitz paper, Updated July 4, 2015 with Malaspinas paper regarding full genome sequencing of Botocudo, Updated July 12, 2015 haplogroup C1b7 and C1b7a information, Updated November 11, 2015 with Tackney, 2015 and Gomez-Carbala, 2015,information, Updated February 2, 2015, X2a Estespaperand C4c1 American Indian Project, Updated September 14, 2016, haplogroupX2b4, Updated January 16, 2017 with Sevinis haplogroups from Gran Chaco, Argentina, Updated February 25, 2017 with Kennetts B2y1 haplogroup from Kennetts paper, Updated February 28, 2017 Monterey, California burials by Breschini and Haversat, Updated March 3, 2017 with de Saint Pierre, 2012, Updated March 3, 2017 to bulletized format, Updated March 3, 2017 with New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups by Estes, Updated March 26, 2017 added haplogroup B2r, Updated April 27, 2017 to add Llamas 2016 ancient DNA sequences, Updated April 27, 2017 to add Fagundes (2008), Ingman (2000), Just (2008), Perego (2009), Hartmann (2009), Perego (2010), Bodner (2012), Cardoso (2012), Achilli (2013), Updated January 9, 2018 to addGomez-Carballa 2015 Figure 2 C1b clades, Updated February 4, 2018 to add ancient locations from Cui 2008 paper and all references from Tackney 2015 paper, Updated August 5, 2019 to add locations from Brandini 2017 paper, Updated January 2020, added information about B5b2, B5b2a, Updated October 25, 2020, added Cherokee B2o, Updated March and April 2021 with sources and additional haplogroup A and subgroup. For easy reference, we have highlighted clusters (subclusters I-V) of closely related mtDNAs from . - (1997). Native American branch of haplogroup B with roots in the Altai-Sayan Upland.
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